By Schalk Louw
On more than one occasion well-known investor Warren Buffett has declared that one of the most important pillars of his investment decisions rests on probability. In his words: “We make investment decisions based on our evaluation of the most profitable combination of probabilities.”
With this in mind I’ll apply the concept of probability – not to look for investment opportunities, but rather to answer the question of what the probability is of a market crash, or more specifically, a crash in the US stock market, the largest stock market in the world. In an attempt to answer this question, I’ll explore three indicators that address the probability of a US market correction.
1. Market capitalisation as a percentage of GDP
I mentioned Buffet earlier, and this ratio is also known as the Buffett indicator. This ratio simply measures the total USA market capitalisation (Wilshire 5000) as a percentage of USA GDP, and it shows us when the US stock market is trading in inflated territory. Every time that the market capitalisation (size of the market) traded at higher levels than GDP over the last 30 years (i.e. higher than 100% of GDP levels), the US stock market was not only trading at levels close to boiling point, but it also experienced a massive correction shortly thereafter.
Not only are current levels more than 100% the size of GDP, but it’s trading at more than double the size of GDP (i.e., more than 200%), which is much higher than the Dot Com bubble and USA Housing bubble levels. This indicator therefore, shows us that the probability of a market correction is quite high.
2. Price-to-earnings ratio levels
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) has to be one of the most used ratios when it comes to the valuation of shares, and it is calculated by simply dividing the price of a share (or index) by its earnings. The higher the P/E, the more expensive the share. However, the problem with the standard P/E, is that it only considers the past 12 months’ earnings, which doesn’t give us a good cyclical image. That is why experts prefer to use the Shiller P/E, a.k.a. the CAPE ratio. The CAPE ratio uses basically the same formula as the standard P/E, but it considers the share’s earnings over a 10-year period to take into account and smooth out any fluctuations in corporate profits that occur at different intervals during a business cycle.
Even when we look at the cyclical price earnings ratio (CAPE) of the US stock market (S&P500) over the last 150 years, it’s important to note that every time this ratio skyrocketed, a sharp market correction followed soon thereafter. Now, while the US market is not yet trading at the Dot Com levels last seen in 2000, we have surpassed 1929 levels and I think it’s safe to say that the probability of a market correction according to this indicator, is getting higher by the day.
3. USA 10-year Treasury Constant Maturity minus 2-year Treasury Constant Maturity
When we look at the difference between the US 10-year Treasury Constant Maturity rate and the 2-year Treasury Constant Maturity rate, you will see that every time the short rates traded higher than long rates over the past 45 years (i.e., where the difference was negative), the USA experienced a recession within the 2-year period that followed.
Although we did find this difference in negative territory at the end of 2019 for a short while, and saw the USA in a recession for a short while thereafter, at current levels things are still relatively normal. That means that according to this indicator, the probability of a market correction is not as high as with the two other indicators. Be warned, however: the US Federal Reserve already indicated that the next interest rate move will most probably be upwards, which may push the 2-year rate upwards and could lead to a negative difference, so be very, very careful.
Schalk Louw is a Portfolio Manager and Strategist at PSG Wealth
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